Widely acknowledged as one of conceptual art’s founding artists, and a rare woman amid that canon, Hanne Darboven offered a unique and fascinating voice in the turn to structural systems in the art of the late 1960s onward.
The artist's first film work, Six Books on 1968 (1969) is recognized as a groundbreaking installation that is key to grasping Darboven's overall process and artistic ethos. After studying painting at Hochschule für Bildende Künste in Hamburg, in 1966 Darboven moved to New York, where she quickly entered conceptual art circles and befriended Sol LeWitt, On Kawara and Joseph Kosuth, among others.
By the time she returned to Hamburg in 1968, she had developed her Konstruktionen (constructions), a method of translating time into handwritten, systematic calculations on graph paper that was a major structuring component of her subsequent works. Taking the first day of January 1968, for instance, the artist breaks down the calendar date 1/1/68 into 1 + 1 + 6 + 8; the resulting 16, often followed by the notation "K," or "K-value," serves as a shorthand for the date, or "Konstruktionen," respectively. Darboven’s calculations chart the time that passes over days, months and years, and thereby convert time from its usual continuous flow into methodical computations divorced from the nuances and narratives of lived time.
By the time she returned to Hamburg in 1968, she had developed her Konstruktionen (constructions), a method of translating time into handwritten, systematic calculations on graph paper that was a major structuring component of her subsequent works. Taking the first day of January 1968, for instance, the artist breaks down the calendar date 1/1/68 into 1 + 1 + 6 + 8; the resulting 16, often followed by the notation "K," or "K-value," serves as a shorthand for the date, or "Konstruktionen," respectively. Darboven’s calculations chart the time that passes over days, months and years, and thereby convert time from its usual continuous flow into methodical computations divorced from the nuances and narratives of lived time.
“I built up something by having disturbed something: destruction becomes construction. Action interrupts contemplation, as the means of accepting something among many given alternatives, for accepting nothing becomes chaos. A system became necessary: how else could I in a concentrated way find something of interest which lends itself to continuation?” –Hanne Darboven
Six Books on 1968 was Darboven's first major work to deploy this method of marking time. Across six voluminous books, she presented six different ways to calculate and thus "depict" the year 1968, each circumscribed physically and conceptually by the grid of the graph paper. The artist's handwriting unifies the project visually, bringing order and logic to what was a decidedly disordered and difficult year: the murders of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy in the United States; the Tet Offensive during the Vietnam War; the rise, and fall, of the Prague Spring; the West German student movement and the May '68 protests in Paris and around the world.
Darboven does not ask us to forget these events, but rather to surrender to a different, unifying form of perception. The work was included early on in several international exhibitions, including Live in Your Head: When Attitudes Become Form, famously curated by Harald Szeemann at Kunsthalle Bern in 1969.
Six Books on 1968 was Darboven's first major work to deploy this method of marking time. Across six voluminous books, she presented six different ways to calculate and thus "depict" the year 1968, each circumscribed physically and conceptually by the grid of the graph paper. The artist's handwriting unifies the project visually, bringing order and logic to what was a decidedly disordered and difficult year: the murders of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy in the United States; the Tet Offensive during the Vietnam War; the rise, and fall, of the Prague Spring; the West German student movement and the May '68 protests in Paris and around the world.
Darboven does not ask us to forget these events, but rather to surrender to a different, unifying form of perception. The work was included early on in several international exhibitions, including Live in Your Head: When Attitudes Become Form, famously curated by Harald Szeemann at Kunsthalle Bern in 1969.
With assistance from the German media artist Claus Böhmler, Darboven soon translated this project into film, producing the six-channel, cinematic rendering of Six Books on 1968 (1969) on view in this exhibition.
First realized for an exhibition at Städtisches Museum Mönchengladbach in 1969 (today Museum Abteiberg), the work utilizes six 16mm projectors, each of which display the consecutive pages of one of the six books, pulsing to a black screen between each page like the beat of a metronome or strobe light. Darboven's calculations flash momentarily before our eyes as we attempt to discern their logic and progression.
With assistance from the German media artist Claus Böhmler, Darboven soon translated this project into film, producing the six-channel, cinematic rendering of Six Books on 1968 (1969) on view in this exhibition.
First realized for an exhibition at Städtisches Museum Mönchengladbach in 1969 (today Museum Abteiberg), the work utilizes six 16mm projectors, each of which display the consecutive pages of one of the six books, pulsing to a black screen between each page like the beat of a metronome or strobe light. Darboven's calculations flash momentarily before our eyes as we attempt to discern their logic and progression.
Yet the result is not merely a documentation of the books. Rather, Darboven devised additional computational systems in the move from paper to celluloid that repeat certain pages and determine new patterns of viewing. The overall experience of the project, moreover, is heightened sensorially through the darkened cinematic space and the whirring of the analog projectors. Since each film is slightly different in length (approximately fifteen minutes each), the synching of the six films changes continually. Each visitor's experience is therefore unique and specific to the moment in time in which they enter the space. This presentation of the film is the first in decades to bring it to life in its original 16mm format, rather than through digital projections.
“Numbers are the most neutral way of talking about things; no names, no objects, just the counting of numbers and the use of dates.” –Hanne Darboven
In the 1970s, Darboven began to integrate other types of elements into her works and constructions, including texts by Goethe and Sartre, her own quotations and those of fellow artists, photographs, postcards and magazine covers, as well as three-dimensional objects.
“My systems are numerical concepts, which work in terms of progressions and/or reductions akin to musical themes with variations.” –Hanne Darboven
Six Books on 1968 bears witness to the origins that made the rest of this work possible, and it provides an experiential view into her investigations of time—in a form that is itself overtly time-based—to bring audiences closer to understanding her idiosyncratic, systematic and ultimately beautiful vision of the world.
Hanne Darboven
Six Books on 1968
March 19–July 16, 2022